It is commonly understood that the ϳܰ’aMuslims believe that the Holy ϳܰ’a contains divine revelations to the Prophet Muhammed received in Mecca and Medina over a period of 23 years in the early 7th century CE. More sought to transform social and religious practices in its seventh-century Arabian milieu. Yet the nature of that transformation is debated, especially as it relates to women, warfare, kinship and community. This book offers a fresh perspective by undertaking the first historical-critical study of all the ϳܰ’a’s verses on women, who were integral to this transformation, and by offering an initial overview of households and patronage – late antique social structures that took the place of formal state structures in the ϳܰ’a’s tribal milieu. The findings of this study call into question common approaches to ϳܰ’aic theology, law, and narratives, to the nature of the early community, and to women’s place in that community. Bauer and Hamza adopt a holistic method, which integrates aspects of the ϳܰ’a that are commonly considered separately, showing, for instance, how stories act as precursors to law, with female characters acting as models for all believers. Concurrently, they highlight the ϳܰ’a’s egalitarian approach to moral agency in existing hierarchical social structures, which the ϳܰ’a seeks to transform both by imposing a salvific frame on them, and by fashioning a community of households characterised by morality, decorum, and care of the vulnerable. This compelling and original work proposes new paradigms for understanding the ϳܰ’a’s social milieu and its salvific vision for that world.
List of Illustrations
Transliteration, Conventions and Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Part I: Meccan Suras
1. Women and Households in Early Meccan Suras
2. Women and Men as Equal Moral Subjects in Later Meccan Suras
3. Typological Plots of Salvation in Later Meccan Suras
Part II: Medinan Suras
4. Piety as Communal Identity (-ḥz Q. 33 and -ū Q. 24)
5. A Community of Households (al-Baqara Q. 2 and -ʾ Q. 4)
6. Women and Moral Agency
Part III: Implications and Conclusions
7. A Patronage of Piety
Appendix: Mother Symbolism
Bibliography
Index of ϳܰ’aic Citations
General Index
‘An essential contribution! Karen Bauer and Feras Hamza’s judicious and thorough study engages longstanding and pressing questions about the coexistence in the ϳܰ’a of gender hierarchy with moral-spiritual equality. They show that its treatment of women and households must be understood within its salvific message – and that women and households are key to its vision of individual and communal salvation.’
– Kecia Ali, Boston University
‘Bauer and Hamza’s magisterial study shows how the extensive amount of ϳܰ’aic data on women makes compelling and coherent sense when viewed from an innovative vantage point: the importance of households in the ϳܰ’a’s late antique Arabian milieu. Women, Households, and the Hereafter in the ϳܰ’a brims with fresh and exciting insights into how the ϳܰ’a ties together the social and the soteriological and how it negotiates the tension between this-worldly hierarchies and an egalitarian eschatological piety. This monograph constitutes a major advance in the scholarly understanding of the ϳܰ’aic world-view.’
– Nicolai Sinai, Oxford University
‘A refreshingly original contribution. The authors focus on the ϳܰ’a’s deeply egalitarian moral message, a radical idea in the late antique Arabian social setting of households and patronage structures. For the field of gender studies, the authors offer a consistently innovative reading of the ϳܰ’a. The sacred text’s treatment of women serves to designate the emerging Muslim community as a moral community: how can women who are vulnerable in a patriarchal patronage society become moral exemplars? The response offered is a profound revision of the traditional scholarly understanding.’
– Roberto Tottoli, University of Naples
Karen Bauer is an Associate Professor at , London. With Feras Hamza she edited An Anthology of ϳܰ’aic Commentaries, Volume II: On Women (2021). She is the author of Gender Hierarchy in the Qurʾān: Medieval Interpretations, Modern Responses (2015), and editor of Aims, Methods and Contexts of ϳܰ’aic Exegesis (2nd/8th–9th/15th Centuries) (2013). She has written numerous articles on the history of ϳܰ’aic interpretation, on women’s status in Islamic texts and on the history of emotions in Islam. She is the series co-editor for IQSA Studies in the ϳܰ’a.
Feras Hamza is Head of the School of the Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Wollongong in Dubai, UAE, and is also a Senior Research Fellow in the ϳܰ’aic Studies Unit at , London. He co-edited, with Karen Bauer, An Anthology of ϳܰ’aic Commentaries, Volume II: On Women (2021), and with Sajjad Rizvi and Farhana Mayer, An Anthology of ϳܰ’aic Commentaries, Volume I: On the Nature of the Divine (2008). He published the first ever in toto translation in English of Tafsir al-Jalalayn (2008), and volume 1 of Kashani’s Ta’wilat al-ϳܰ’a (a.k.a Tafsir Ibn Arabi) (A Sufi Commentary on the ϳܰ’a, vol. 1, 2021). He is the series coordinator for the multi-volume project Anthologies of ϳܰ’aic Commentaries with OUP, and Editor for E.J. Brill’s series Islamic Literatures: Texts and Studies. Feras is the author of several historical articles on the early Muslim community, as well as on methodological approaches in ϳܰ’aic and ٲڲī studies.